Maximum particle energy, 1.22 * 10^19 GeV, is where gravity has quantum effects and makes space and time discontinuous. Field theory no longer applies. Time loops and distorts, due to spin, and has no dimensionality.
Particles have phase-space waves. Particle energy varies directly with particle-wave frequency. Frequency varies inversely with time. Because energy uncertainty times time uncertainty must be less than Planck constant, by the uncertainty principle, at maximum particle energy, minimum time unit {Planck time} is 5.391 * 10^-44 seconds. Because space-time is no longer continuous, phase-space waves cannot have frequency greater than 10^43 Hz and wavelength less than 10^-35 meters.
Planck time depends on gravity strength and so gravitational constant g, electromagnetism strength and so light speed c, and action quantum Planck constant h: (h-bar * g / c^5)^0.5, where h-bar is Planck constant h divided by (2 times pi). h is the quantum of action, and h-bar is the quantum of angular momentum, so Planck time is the quantum of time. Planck time is time light travels Planck length.
Time {chronon}| {time quantum} for light to travel (classical) electron radius is 10^-24 seconds.
Event-quantum time intervals {instanton}| are non-linear waves, lasting for one electronic transition or one quantum tunneling.
5-Physics-Quantum Mechanics-Quantum-Kinds
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225